Bài 5: Khảo sát sự biến thiên và vẽ đồ thị của hàm số
Hướng dẫn giải Hoạt động 1 (Trang 32 SGK Toán Giải tích 12)
<p><strong class="content_question">Đề b&agrave;i</strong></p> <p>Khảo s&aacute;t sự biến thi&ecirc;n v&agrave; vẽ đồ thị của c&aacute;c h&agrave;m số đ&atilde; học theo sơ đồ tr&ecirc;n</p> <p><em>y=ax+b</em></p> <p><em>y=a<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math>+bx+c</em></p> <div class="content_method_container"> <p class="content_method_header"><strong class="content_method">Phương ph&aacute;p giải - Xem chi tiết</strong><img id="method_colapse_icon" class="method-open-icon" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAGCAYAAAD68A/GAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAA2ZpVFh0WE1MOmNvbS5hZG9iZS54bXAAAAAAADw/eHBhY2tldCBiZWdpbj0i77u/IiBpZD0iVzVNME1wQ2VoaUh6cmVTek5UY3prYzlkIj8+IDx4OnhtcG1ldGEgeG1sbnM6eD0iYWRvYmU6bnM6bWV0YS8iIHg6eG1wdGs9IkFkb2JlIFhNUCBDb3JlIDUuMy1jMDExIDY2LjE0NTY2MSwgMjAxMi8wMi8wNi0xNDo1NjoyNyAgICAgICAgIj4gPHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj4gPHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9IiIgeG1sbnM6eG1wTU09Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9tbS8iIHhtbG5zOnN0UmVmPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvc1R5cGUvUmVzb3VyY2VSZWYjIiB4bWxuczp4bXA9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC8iIHhtcE1NOk9yaWdpbmFsRG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDoxM0UzREU1OEVDMzZFODExQkQ5N0VEMEYzMTQyQzg0NSIgeG1wTU06RG9jdW1lbnRJRD0ieG1wLmRpZDo5NTFEMTQyQTM3QUExMUU4OTg2OUQ0MzRDMEZGNkVBQiIgeG1wTU06SW5zdGFuY2VJRD0ieG1wLmlpZDo5NTFEMTQyOTM3QUExMUU4OTg2OUQ0MzRDMEZGNkVBQiIgeG1wOkNyZWF0b3JUb29sPSJBZG9iZSBQaG90b3Nob3AgQ1M2IChXaW5kb3dzKSI+IDx4bXBNTTpEZXJpdmVkRnJvbSBzdFJlZjppbnN0YW5jZUlEPSJ4bXAuaWlkOjEzRTNERTU4RUMzNkU4MTFCRDk3RUQwRjMxNDJDODQ1IiBzdFJlZjpkb2N1bWVudElEPSJ4bXAuZGlkOjEzRTNERTU4RUMzNkU4MTFCRDk3RUQwRjMxNDJDODQ1Ii8+IDwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPiA8L3JkZjpSREY+IDwveDp4bXBtZXRhPiA8P3hwYWNrZXQgZW5kPSJyIj8+eFCcKwAAAHdJREFUeNpiDA0NvcXAwDAbiLsZsINSIE5lAhIbgbgLiLOxKMqGym1iARJlQCwAxJOB+AsQL4QqioeKzQWZClL4H4gzgJgbKvgVqhDEXgnE6SA1LFDBv1ATQIqXQsW2QsVAcgwsSO75DcShIPdA+WFA/AsmCRBgAO7AGQt+AUtuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" /></p> <div class="content_method_content"> <p>B1: T&igrave;m TXĐ</p> <p>B2: Bảng biến thi&ecirc;n</p> <p>- X&eacute;t chiều biến thi&ecirc;n</p> <p>&nbsp; +T&iacute;nh <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo></math>.</p> <p>&nbsp; + T&igrave;m c&aacute;c điểm m&agrave; tại đ&oacute; h&agrave;m số kh&ocirc;ng x&aacute;c định v&agrave; nghiệm của <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math>.</p> <p>&nbsp; + X&eacute;t dấu đạo h&agrave;m suy ra chiều biến thi&ecirc;n</p> <p>- T&igrave;m cực trị</p> <p>- T&iacute;nh c&aacute;c giới hạn,tiệm cận (nếu c&oacute;).</p> <p>- Lập bảng biến thi&ecirc;n</p> <p>B3: Vẽ đồ thị</p> </div> </div> <p><strong class="content_detail">Lời giải chi tiết</strong></p> <p>* H&agrave;m số&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></math></p> <p><strong><em>Trường hợp a &gt; 0</em></strong></p> <p>1. TXĐ:<em> <strong>D=R</strong></em><span id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>.</mo></math></span></span></p> <p>2. Sự biến thi&ecirc;n.</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math>. Vậy h&agrave;m số đồng biến tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n bộ <strong><em>R</em></strong>.</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></munder><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></munder><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></math></p> <p>Bảng biến thi&ecirc;n</p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/01022023/imade-2-iGvF2g.jpg" width="305" height="167" /></p> <p>3. Vẽ đồ thị</p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/01022023/imade-3-mvkfD3.jpg" width="144" height="235" /></p> <p><em style="font-weight: bold;">Trường hợp </em><span style="font-size: 22.14px; white-space: nowrap;">a&lt;0</span></p> <p>1. TXĐ: <strong><em>D=R</em></strong><span id="MathJax-Element-10-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>.</mo></math></span></span></p> <p>2. Sự biến thi&ecirc;n.</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math>. Vậy h&agrave;m số đồng biến tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n bộ <strong><em>R</em></strong>.</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></munder><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></munder><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></math></p> <p>Bảng biến thi&ecirc;n</p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/01022023/imade-4-muwzVa.jpg" width="323" height="166" /></p> <p>Vẽ đồ thị</p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/01022023/imade-5-PWwAkt.jpg" width="139" height="212" /></p> <p><strong>* H&agrave;m số&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi></math></strong></p> <p><em style="font-weight: bold;">Trường hợp </em><span style="font-size: 22.14px; white-space: nowrap;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math></span></p> <p>1. TXĐ: <strong><em>D=</em><em>R</em></strong></p> <p>2. Sự biến thi&ecirc;n.</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>.</mo></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&rArr;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></munder><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></munder><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></math></p> <p><strong>Bảng biến thi&ecirc;n</strong></p> <p><img src="https://img.loigiaihay.com/picture/2019/0418/cau-hoi-1-trang-32-sgk-giai-tich-12-4.PNG" alt="" width="352" height="203" /></p> <p>H&agrave;m số nghịch biến tr&ecirc;n khoảng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mfenced></math>.</p> <p>H&agrave;m số đồng biến tr&ecirc;n khoảng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>.</p> <p>H&agrave;m số đạt cực tiểu bằng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mo>∆</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></math>&nbsp;tại&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p> <p><strong>Vẽ đồ thị</strong></p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/01022023/imade-6-R4eZEY.jpg" width="212" height="236" /></p> <p><em>Trường hợp </em><span style="font-size: 21.78px; white-space: nowrap;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math></span></p> <p>1. TXĐ: <strong><em>D=R</em></strong><span id="MathJax-Element-25-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>.</mo></math></span></span></p> <p>2. Sự biến thi&ecirc;n.</p> <p><span id="MathJax-Element-26-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;y&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2032;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;b&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><br /><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></math></span></span></p> <p>Cho&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&rArr;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></munder><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></munder><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></math></p> <p>Bảng biến thi&ecirc;n</p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/01022023/imade-mjwl3i.jpg" width="292" height="174" /></p> <p>H&agrave;m số đồng biến tr&ecirc;n khoảng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mo>-</mo><mo>&infin;</mo><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mfenced></math>.</p> <p>H&agrave;m số nghịch biến tr&ecirc;n khoảng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&infin;</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>.</p> <p>H&agrave;m số đạt cực đại bằng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mo>∆</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></math>&nbsp;tại&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p> <p>Vẽ đồ thị</p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/01022023/imade-2-rqoAQ0.jpg" width="187" height="221" /></p>
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