Bài 3: Phương trình đường thẳng trong không gian
Lý thuyết Phương trình đường thẳng trong không gian
<p><strong>1. Phương tr&igrave;nh tham số</strong></p> <p>Đường thẳng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo></math> qua điểm&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mfenced><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>z</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced></math> c&oacute; vectơ chỉ phương <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></math>(<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>)</mo></math> c&oacute; phương tr&igrave;nh tham số dạng:</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="{" close=""><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mi>t</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>t</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>z</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>t</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced></math>, t &isin; R l&agrave; tham số.</p> <p>Nếu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math>đều kh&aacute;c kh&ocirc;ng, ta viết phương tr&igrave;nh tr&ecirc;n ở dạng ch&iacute;nh tắc: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>y</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>z</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfrac></math></p> <p><strong>2. Vị tr&iacute; tương đối</strong></p> <p>Cho đường thẳng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>1</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub>qua điểm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math>&nbsp;v&agrave; c&oacute; vec tơ chỉ phương <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></math>&nbsp;đường thẳng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>2</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub>qua điểm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub> v&agrave; c&oacute; vec tơ chỉ phương&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></math></p> <p>* <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>1</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub><sub>&nbsp;</sub>v&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>2</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub>ch&eacute;o nhau&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8660;</mo><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>1</mn></msub></math> <sub>&nbsp;</sub>v&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>2</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub><sub>&nbsp;</sub>kh&ocirc;ng nằm trong c&ugrave;ng một mặt phẳng &hArr;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo></mtd><mtd><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced><mo>&#160;</mo><msub><mover><mrow><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mi>M</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&#8800;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo></math></p> <p>* <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>1</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub><sub>&nbsp;</sub>v&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>2</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub><sub>&nbsp;</sub>song song &hArr;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="{" close=""><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>&#8712;</mo><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&#8713;</mo><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo></mrow></math>.</p> <p>* <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>1</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub>tr&ugrave;ng với <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>2</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub>&nbsp;<sub> </sub>&hArr; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mover><mrow><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></math>&nbsp;l&agrave; ba vectơ c&ugrave;ng phương.</p> <p>* <sub><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>1</mn></msub></math></sub>cắt <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mo>&#8710;</mo><mn>2</mn></msub></math><sub>&nbsp;</sub><sub>&nbsp;</sub>&hArr; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mover><mrow><mo>&#160;</mo><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></math>&nbsp;kh&ocirc;ng c&ugrave;ng phương v&agrave;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo></mtd><mtd><mover><msub><mi>u</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced><mo>&#160;</mo><mover><mrow><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>M</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math>.</p>
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