Bài 1: Hệ tọa độ trong không gian
Lý thuyết Hệ tọa độ trong không gian
<p><strong>1. Hệ tọa độ trong kh&ocirc;ng gian</strong></p> <p>Trong kh&ocirc;ng gian cho ba trục tọa độ chung gốc <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi></math>, đ&ocirc;i một vu&ocirc;ng g&oacute;c với nhau <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>O</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>O</mi><mi>y</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>O</mi><mi>z</mi></math>. Hệ ba</p> <p>trục tọa độ như vậy được gọi l&agrave; hệ trục tọa độ Đề-c&aacute;c vu&ocirc;ng g&oacute;c <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></math>; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi></math>&nbsp;l&agrave; gốc tọa tọa độ. Giả sử&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>i</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mover><mi>j</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mover><mi>k</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math>&nbsp;</p> <p>lần lượt l&agrave; c&aacute;c vectơ đơn vị tr&ecirc;n c&aacute;c trục&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>O</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>O</mi><mi>y</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>O</mi><mi>z</mi></math>&nbsp;(h. 52)</p> <p><img src="https://img.loigiaihay.com/picture/2021/1027/hetoado.png" width="302" height="278" /></p> <p>Với điểm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi></math>&nbsp;thuộc kh&ocirc;ng gian <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></math>&nbsp;th&igrave; tồn tại duy nhất bộ số&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> để&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>.</mo><mover><mi>i</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>.</mo><mover><mi>j</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>.</mo><mover><mi>k</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo></math> bộ&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>;</mo></mrow></mfenced></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>;</mo><mo><br /></mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math> được gọi l&agrave; tọa độ của điểm&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi><mfenced><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfenced></math>.</p> <p>Trong kh&ocirc;ng gian Oxyz cho vectơ <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math>, khi đ&oacute;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mover><mi>i</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mover><mi>j</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mover><mi>k</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math></p> <p>Ta viết <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mfenced><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced></math>&nbsp;v&agrave; n&oacute;i <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math>&nbsp;c&oacute; tọa độ <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced></math>&nbsp;.</p> <p><strong>2. Biểu thức tọa độ của c&aacute;c ph&eacute;p to&aacute;n vectơ</strong></p> <p>Giả sử <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced></math>&nbsp;v&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>b</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mrow><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced></math>&nbsp;th&igrave;:</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><mover><mi>b</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced><mo>.</mo></math><span id="MathJax-Element-28-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo stretchy="false"></mo><mo><br /></mo></math></span></span></p> <p><span class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>-</mo><mover><mi>b</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>&nbsp;</mo></mrow></mfenced></math>.</span></p> <p><span class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>k</mi><mo>.</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mrow><mi>k</mi><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>k</mi><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>k</mi><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced><mo>.</mo></math></span></p> <p><strong>3. T&iacute;ch v&ocirc; hướng</strong></p> <p>Cho v&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mfenced><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced></math> v&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>b</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mfenced><mrow><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>;</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced></math> th&igrave; t&iacute;ch v&ocirc; hướng<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>.</mo><mover><mi>b</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>.</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>.</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>.</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math></p> <p>Ta c&oacute;:&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="|" close="|"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></mfenced><mo>=</mo><msqrt><msubsup><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></msqrt><mo>.</mo></math></p> <p>Đặt&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&phi;</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mover><mrow><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mover><mi>b</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></mrow><mo>^</mo></mover></mfenced><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>⩽</mo><mi>&phi;</mi><mo>⩽</mo><mn>180</mn><mo>&deg;</mo></math> th&igrave;&nbsp;</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>cos</mi><mi>&phi;</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><msqrt><msubsup><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>a</mi><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></msqrt><msqrt><msubsup><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mi>b</mi><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></msqrt></mrow></mfrac></math>(với&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>a</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>&ne;</mo><mover><mn>0</mn><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mover><mi>b</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>&ne;</mo><mover><mn>0</mn><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math>)<br /><strong>4. Phương tr&igrave;nh mặt cầu</strong></p> <p>Trong kh&ocirc;ng gian <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></math>, mặt cầu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mi>S</mi></mfenced></math>&nbsp;t&acirc;m <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>I</mi><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced></math>&nbsp;b&aacute;n k&iacute;nh <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi></math>&nbsp;c&oacute; phương tr&igrave;nh ch&iacute;nh tắc&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mfenced><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msup><mfenced><mrow><mi>y</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msup><mfenced><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></p> <p>Mặt cầu c&oacute; phương tr&igrave;nh tổng qu&aacute;t&nbsp;</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>z</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>b</mi><mi>y</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>c</mi><mi>z</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math></p> <p>&nbsp;c&oacute; t&acirc;m <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>I</mi><mfenced><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>-</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>-</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced></math>&nbsp;v&agrave; b&aacute;n k&iacute;nh&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo><msqrt><msup><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>-</mo><mi>d</mi></msqrt></math></p>
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