Bài 1: Hệ tọa độ trong không gian
Hướng dẫn giải Hoạt động 2 (Trang 64 SGK Toán Hình học 12)
<p><strong class="content_question">Đề b&agrave;i</strong></p> <p>Trong kh&ocirc;ng gian <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></math>, cho h&igrave;nh hộp chữ nhật <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>D</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>'</mo></math>&nbsp;c&oacute; đỉnh <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi></math>&nbsp;tr&ugrave;ng với gốc <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi></math>, c&oacute;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>D</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></math></p> <p>theo thứ tự c&ugrave;ng hướng với&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>i</mi><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>;</mo><mover><mi>j</mi><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>;</mo><mover><mi>k</mi><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></math> v&agrave; c&oacute; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>D</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi></math>. H&atilde;y t&iacute;nh tọa độ c&aacute;c vecto <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>;</mo><mover><mrow><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>;</mo><mover><mrow><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></math></p> <p>&nbsp;với <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi></math>&nbsp;l&agrave; trung điểm của cạnh <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>'</mo></math>.</p> <div class="content_method_container"> <p class="content_method_header"><strong class="content_method">Phương ph&aacute;p giải - Xem chi tiết</strong></p> <div class="content_method_content"> <p>Vẽ h&igrave;nh, x&aacute;c định tọa độ c&aacute;c v&eacute;c tơ.</p> <p>+ Nếu A tr&ugrave;ng với gốc tọa độ th&igrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover></math> c&oacute; tọa độ l&agrave; tọa độ điểm&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>B</mi></math></p> <p>+ Dựa v&agrave;o độ d&agrave;i cạnh để x&aacute;c định tọa đ&ocirc; c&aacute;c đỉnh</p> </div> </div> <p><strong class="content_detail">Lời giải chi tiết</strong></p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/29012023/imade-yXuLZz.jpg" width="338" height="275" /></p> <p>Ta c&oacute;:&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi><mfenced><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced></math> &nbsp;tr&ugrave;ng với gốc tọa độ.</p> <p>V&igrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8712;</mo><mi>A</mi><mi>x</mi></math> n&ecirc;n <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>B</mi><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced></math>&nbsp;(trong đ&oacute; a l&agrave; độ d&agrave;i đại số của đoạn <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></math>)</p> <p>Tương tự ta suy ra c&aacute;c đỉnh <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>D</mi><mfenced><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo><mfenced><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced></math>.</p> <p>Điểm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi></math>&nbsp;thuộc mp <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi></mrow></mfenced></math>&nbsp;n&ecirc;n tọa độ <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi></math>&nbsp;c&oacute; dạng&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>,</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced></math><br />&nbsp;trong đ&oacute; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math>&nbsp;l&agrave; độ d&agrave;i đại số của <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi></math>&nbsp;l&agrave; độ d&agrave;i đại số của&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi><mi>D</mi></math></p> <p>suy ra&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced></math></p> <p>Tương tự ta suy ra <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>D</mi><mfenced><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced></math></p> <p>Ri&ecirc;ng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>M</mi><mfenced><mrow><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced></math>&nbsp;.</p> <p>Vậy&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>,</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mover><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow><mo>&#8594;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mrow><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>;</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mfenced></math></p>
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