Bài 2. Phương trình quy về phương trình bậc nhất, bậc hai
Hướng dẫn Giải bài 6 (Trang 62 63, SGK Toán 10, Tập 1)
<p><strong>C&acirc;u hỏi</strong>: Giải c&aacute;c phương tr&igrave;nh sau:</p> <p>a) | 3x - 2 | = 2x + 3</p> <p>b) |2x - 1| = |-5x - 2|</p> <p>c)&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>|</mo></mrow></mfrac></math></p> <p>d)&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>|</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>|</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></math></p> <p><strong>Hướng dẫn giải:&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>a) |3x-2|=2x+3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(1)</p> <p>TXĐ: D=R</p> <p>+) Nếu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>&#8805;</mo><mfrac><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math> th&igrave; phương tr&igrave;nh (1) trở th&agrave;nh 3x-2=2x+3 =&gt; x=5</p> <p>Gi&aacute; trị x=5 thỏa m&atilde;n điều kiện n&ecirc;n x=5 l&agrave; một nghiệm của phương tr&igrave;nh (1)</p> <p>+) Nếu&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>&#60;</mo><mfrac><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math> th&igrave; phương tr&igrave;nh (1) trở th&agrave;nh 2-3x=2x+3 =&gt;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></mfrac></math></p> <p>Gi&aacute; trị&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></mfrac><mo>&#60;</mo><mfrac><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>&#234;</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></mfrac><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>l</mi><mi>&#224;</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>&#7897;</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>&#7879;</mi><mi>m</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>&#7911;</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>p</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>&#432;</mi><mi>&#417;</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>&#236;</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>h</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></math></p> <p>Vậy phương tr&igrave;nh c&oacute; 2 nghiệm x=5 v&agrave;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>5</mn></mfrac></math></p> <p>b) |2x-1|=|-5x-2|&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)</p> <p>TXĐ: D=R</p> <p>B&igrave;nh phương cả 2 vế ta c&oacute; phương tr&igrave;nh (2) tương đương:</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mn>4</mn><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>25</mn><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>20</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mn>21</mn><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>24</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>21</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>[</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mn>21</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>[</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>7</mn></mfrac></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></p> <p>Vậy phương tr&igrave;nh c&oacute; 2 nghiệm x=-1 v&agrave;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>7</mn></mfrac></math></p> <p>c)&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>|</mo></mrow></mfrac></math>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)</p> <p>ĐKXĐ:&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>&#8800;</mo><mfrac><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>v</mi><mi>&#224;</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#8800;</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></math></p> <p>+) x&eacute;t x&gt;-1, khi đ&oacute; x+1&gt;0 n&ecirc;n |x+1|=x+1</p> <p>Khi đ&oacute; phương tr&igrave;nh (3) tương đương:</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8660;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>6</mn><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>11</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mn>7</mn><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>-</mo><mn>11</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>11</mn><mo>&#177;</mo><msqrt><mn>65</mn></msqrt></mrow><mn>14</mn></mfrac></math></p> <p>X&eacute;t điều kiện x&aacute;c định, ta thấy&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>11</mn><mo>+</mo><msqrt><mn>65</mn></msqrt></mrow><mn>14</mn></mfrac><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>v</mi><mi>&#224;</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>11</mn><mo>-</mo><msqrt><mn>65</mn></msqrt></mrow><mn>14</mn></mfrac></math> thỏa m&atilde;n điều kiện.</p> <p>+) X&eacute;t x&lt;-1, khi đ&oacute; x+1&lt;0 n&ecirc;n |x+1|=-x-1</p> <p>Khi đ&oacute; phương tr&igrave;nh (3) tương đương:</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8660;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfrac><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>(</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>6</mn><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>11</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mn>5</mn><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>-</mo><mn>11</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>11</mn><mo>&#177;</mo><msqrt><mn>41</mn></msqrt></mrow><mn>10</mn></mfrac></math></p> <p>X&eacute;t điều kiện x&aacute;c định ta thấy kh&ocirc;ng thỏa m&atilde;n điều kiện x&lt;-1</p> <p>Vậy phương tr&igrave;nh c&oacute; 2 nghiệm l&agrave;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>11</mn><mo>+</mo><msqrt><mn>65</mn></msqrt></mrow><mn>14</mn></mfrac><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>v</mi><mi>&#224;</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>11</mn><mo>-</mo><msqrt><mn>65</mn></msqrt></mrow><mn>14</mn></mfrac></math></p> <p>d)&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>|</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>|</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></math>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(4)</p> <p>TXĐ: D=R</p> <p>+) X&eacute;t&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>&#8805;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#8805;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math>. Khi đ&oacute; |2x+5|=2x+5</p> <p>Khi đ&oacute; phương tr&igrave;nh (4)</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8660;</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>[</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>L</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>&#7841;</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>&#7887;</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>&#227;</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>)</mo></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></p> <p>+) X&eacute;t 2x+5&lt;0<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&#60;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math> khi đ&oacute; |2x-5|=-2x-5</p> <p>Khi đ&oacute; phương tr&igrave;nh (4) tương đương:</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>7</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>[</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>&#244;</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>&#7887;</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>&#227;</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>)</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>&#7887;</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>&#227;</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></p> <p>Vậy phương t&igrave;nh c&oacute; hai nghiệm l&agrave; x=-6 v&agrave; x=1</p>
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