Bài 5: Dựng Hình Bằng Thước Và Compa. Dựng Hình Thang
Hướng dẫn giải Bài 30 (Trang 83 SGK Toán Hình học 8, Tập 1)
<div id="&quot;unibots-video&quot;"></div> <p><strong class="content_question">Đề b&agrave;i</strong></p> <p>Dựng tam gi&aacute;c&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 16.94px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-1" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-2" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-3" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">A</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-4" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">B</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-5" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">C</span></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;vu&ocirc;ng tại&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 16.94px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>B</mi></math></span></span>, biết cạnh huyền&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 16.94px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace width=&quot;thinmathspace&quot; /&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-9" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-10" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-11" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">A</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-12" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">C</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-13" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">=</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-14" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">4</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-15" class="mjx-mspace"></span><span id="MJXc-Node-16" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">c</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-17" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span></span></span>, cạnh g&oacute;c vu&ocirc;ng <span id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 16.94px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace width=&quot;thinmathspace&quot; /&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-18" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-19" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-20" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">B</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-21" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">C</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-22" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">=</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-23" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">2</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-24" class="mjx-mspace"></span><span id="MJXc-Node-25" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">c</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-26" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-27" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 16.94px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace width=&quot;thinmathspace&quot; /&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">Lời giải chi tiế</span></span></span></span></span><span class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 16.94px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace width=&quot;thinmathspace&quot; /&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">t&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 16.94px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace width=&quot;thinmathspace&quot; /&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span class="mjx-mrow"><span class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/30062022/b974e720-c16e-4353-a78e-852db07f759a.PNG" /> &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p>a) Ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch:<br />Giả sử dựng được <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi mathvariant="normal">&#9651;</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mstyle></math> thỏa m&atilde;n y&ecirc;u cầu.<br />Ta dựng được đoạn BC v&igrave; biết <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mpadded><mn>2</mn></mpadded><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>cm</mi><mo>.</mo></math><br />Khi đ&oacute; điểm A l&agrave; giao điểm của:<br />+ Tia By vu&ocirc;ng g&oacute;c với BC<br />+ Cung tr&ograve;n t&acirc;m C b&aacute;n k&iacute;nh 4cm.<br />b) C&aacute;ch dựng:<br />- Dựng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow><mo>^</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>90</mn><mo>&#8728;</mo></msup></mstyle></math>. Tr&ecirc;n tia Bx lấy điểm C sao cho <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mpadded><mn>2</mn></mpadded><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>cm</mi><mo>.</mo></math><br />- Dựng cung tr&ograve;n (C; 4cm) v&agrave; cung tr&ograve;n n&agrave;y cắt tia By tại A.<br />- Nối A với C ta được <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mstyle></math> l&agrave; tam gi&aacute;c cần dựng.<br />c) Chứng minh<br /><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mstyle></math> c&oacute; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover accent="true"><mi>B</mi><mo>^</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>90</mn><mn>0</mn></msup><mo>,</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mpadded><mn>2</mn></mpadded><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>cm</mi><mo>.</mo></math><br />A thuộc cung tr&ograve;n t&acirc;m C b&aacute;n k&iacute;nh 4cm n&ecirc;n AC=4cm.<br />Vậy <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi mathvariant="normal">&#9651;</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mstyle></math> thỏa m&atilde;n y&ecirc;u cầu đề b&agrave;i<br />d) Biện luận<br />Ta lu&ocirc;n dựng được một h&igrave;nh thang thỏa m&atilde;n điều kiện của đề b&agrave;i.<br /><span id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 16.94px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mspace width=&quot;thinmathspace&quot; /&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-18" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-19" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-20" class="mjx-mi"></span></span></span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
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