Bài 2: Động lượng và năng lượng trong va chạm
Hướng dẫn giải Câu hỏi 2 (Trang 101 SGK Vật lý 10, Bộ Cánh diều)
<p>Từ kết quả th&iacute; nghiệm của m&igrave;nh, bạn h&atilde;y t&iacute;nh động lượng của c&aacute;c xe trước v&agrave; sau va chạm. So s&aacute;nh độ thay đổi động</p> <p>lượng của xe 1 v&agrave; xe 2.</p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/05082022/6775b13b-9ac8-4b32-943e-2f1bde241080.JPG" /></p> <p><strong>Lời giải:</strong></p> <p>Tham khảo bảng kết quả th&iacute; nghiệm:</p> <p>Chọn khối lượng hai xe bằng nhau v&agrave; bằng 0,245 kg.</p> <table style="font-weight: 400;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="221"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>Trước va chạm</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>Sau va chạm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="221"> <p>Tốc độ xe 1 (m/s)</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>0,444</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>0,316</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="221"> <p>Tốc độ xe 2 (m/s)</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>0,316</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>0,438</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="221"> <p>Động lượng xe 1 (kg.m/s)</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>0,109</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>0,077</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="221"> <p>Động lượng xe 2 (kg.m/s)</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>0,077</p> </td> <td width="221"> <p>0,107</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Chọn chiều dương l&agrave; chiều chuyển động của xe 1 trước va chạm</p> <p>+ Độ thay đổi động lượng của xe 1:&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x394;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;'&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-1" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-2" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-3" class="mjx-mi"></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&Delta;</mi><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>e</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mover><msup><msub><mi>p</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>&minus;</mo><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover accent="true"><mo></mo></mover></math></span></p> <p>Chiếu xuống chiều dương đ&atilde; chọn:</p> <p><span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x394;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;077&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;109&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;186&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-25" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-26" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-27" class="mjx-mi"></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>e</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>&minus;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>077</mn><mo>&minus;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>109</mn><mo>=</mo><mo>&minus;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>186</mn><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi></mi></math></span></p> <p>+ Độ thay đổi động lượng của xe 2:&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x394;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;'&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-55" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-56" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-57" class="mjx-mi"></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&Delta;</mi><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>e</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mover><msup><msub><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>&minus;</mo><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover accent="true"><mo></mo></mover></math></span></p> <p>Chiếu xuống chiều dương đ&atilde; chọn:</p> <p><span id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x394;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;107&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;077&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;184&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-79" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-80" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-81" class="mjx-mi"></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>e</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mn>107</mn><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mn>077</mn><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mn>184</mn><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>k</mi><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>.</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>/</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>s</mi></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi></mi></math></span></p> <p>Kết luận: độ thay đổi động lượng của 2 xe gần bằng nhau, nghĩa l&agrave; xe 1 c&oacute; động lượng giảm bao nhi&ecirc;u th&igrave;</p> <p>xe 2 c&oacute; động lượng tăng bấy nhi&ecirc;u.</p>
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