Bài 20. Một số ví dụ về cách giải các bài toán thuộc phần động lực học
Hướng dẫn giải Bài 1 (Trang 82 SGK Vật lí 10, Bộ Kết nối tri thức)
<p><em><strong>Người ta đẩy một c&aacute;i th&ugrave;ng c&oacute; khối lượng 55 kg theo phương ngang với lực </strong></em></p> <p><em><strong>220N l&agrave;m th&ugrave;ng chuyển động tr&ecirc;n mặt phẳng ngang. Hệ số ma s&aacute;t trượt giữa</strong></em></p> <p><em><strong> th&ugrave;ng v&agrave; mặt phẳng l&agrave; 0,35. T&iacute;nh gia tốc của th&ugrave;ng. Lấy g = 9,8 m/s<sup>2</sup>.</strong></em></p> <p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Lời giải:</strong></em></span></p> <p>- Th&ugrave;ng chịu t&aacute;c dụng của bốn lực:</p> <p>+ Trọng lực&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-1" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-2" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-3" class="mjx-mover"><span class="mjx-stack"><span class="mjx-over"><span id="MJXc-Node-5" class="mjx-mo"></span></span></span></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>P</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover accent="true"><mo></mo></mover></math></span></p> <p>+ Lực đẩy&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-6" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-7" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-8" class="mjx-mover"><span class="mjx-stack"><span class="mjx-over"><span id="MJXc-Node-10" class="mjx-mo"></span></span></span></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>F</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover accent="true"><mo></mo></mover></math></span></p> <p>+ Phản lực&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-11" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-12" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-13" class="mjx-mover"><span class="mjx-stack"><span class="mjx-over"><span id="MJXc-Node-15" class="mjx-mo"></span></span></span></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><mi>N</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover accent="true"><mo></mo></mover></math></span></p> <p>+ Lực ma s&aacute;t trượt&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-16" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-17" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-18" class="mjx-msub"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-19" class="mjx-mover"><span class="mjx-stack"><span class="mjx-over"><span id="MJXc-Node-21" class="mjx-mo"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mrow><mi></mi></mrow></msub></math></span></p> <p>- Coi th&ugrave;ng như một chất điểm (h&igrave;nh vẽ)</p> <p><img src="https://vietjack.com/vat-li-10-kn/images/bai-tap-1-trang-82-vat-li-10-132209.PNG" alt="Người ta đẩy một c&aacute;i th&ugrave;ng c&oacute; khối lượng 55 kg theo phương ngang với lực 220 N" width="195" height="181" /></p> <p>- &Aacute;p dụng định luật 2 Newton cho chuyển động của vật theo hai trục Ox, Oy:</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup><mo>{</mo><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>y</mi><mo>:</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>N</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>:</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>F</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>.</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow></msubsup></math></p> <p>- Giải hệ phương tr&igrave;nh:</p> <p>N = P = mg = 55.9,8 = 539 N</p> <p>F<sub>ms</sub>&nbsp;= &micro;.N = 0,35.539 = 188,65 N</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>F</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mi>m</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>220</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>188</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>65</mn></mrow><mn>55</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>57</mn><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></p> <p>Vậy gia tốc của th&ugrave;ng l&agrave; 0,57 m/s<sup>2</sup></p>
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