Bài 1: Nguyên hàm
Lý thuyết Nguyên hàm
<p><strong>1. Nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m v&agrave; t&iacute;nh chất</strong></p> <p><strong>a. Định nghĩa</strong></p> <p>K&iacute; hiệu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi></math>&nbsp;l&agrave; khoảng, đoạn hoặc nửa khoảng của <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi></math>.</p> <p>Cho h&agrave;m số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;x&aacute;c định tr&ecirc;n <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi></math>.</p> <p>H&agrave;m số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>F</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;được gọi l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m của h&agrave;m số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;tr&ecirc;n <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi></math>&nbsp;nếu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>F</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;với mọi&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>&isin;</mo><mi>K</mi></math>.</p> <p><strong>b. Định l&yacute;</strong></p> <p>1) Nếu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>F</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;l&agrave; một nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m của h&agrave;m số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;tr&ecirc;n K th&igrave; với mỗi hằng số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi></math>, h&agrave;m số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>G</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>F</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi></math></p> <p>cũng l&agrave; một nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m của h&agrave;m số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>tr&ecirc;n <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi></math>.</p> <p>2) Ngược lại, nếu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>F</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;l&agrave; một nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m của h&agrave;m số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;tr&ecirc;n <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi></math>&nbsp;th&igrave; mọi nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m của <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;tr&ecirc;n <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi></math>&nbsp;</p> <p>đều c&oacute; dạng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>F</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi></math>&nbsp;với <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi></math>&nbsp;l&agrave; một hằng số t&ugrave;y &yacute;.</p> <p>K&iacute; hiệu họ nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m của h&agrave;m số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;l&agrave;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></math></p> <p>Khi đ&oacute; :&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>F</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>&isin;</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>.</mo></math></p> <p><strong>c. T&iacute;nh chất của nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m</strong></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>F</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>&isin;</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>.</mo></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>k</mi><mo>&int;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></math> (với k l&agrave; hằng số kh&aacute;c 0)</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&plusmn;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&int;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>&plusmn;</mo><mo>&int;</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></math></p> <p><strong>d. Sự tồn tại nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m</strong></p> <p><strong>Định l&iacute;</strong>: Mọi h&agrave;m số <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math>&nbsp;li&ecirc;n tục tr&ecirc;n <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi></math>&nbsp;đều c&oacute; nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m tr&ecirc;n <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi></math>.</p> <p><strong>Bảng nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m của c&aacute;c h&agrave;m số thường gặp</strong></p> <table style="height: 329px; width: 79.6394%;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 71.4219px;"> <td style="width: 50%; height: 71.4219px;" valign="top" width="308"> <p><em><strong>&nbsp; Nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m của h&agrave;m số sơ cấp</strong></em></p> </td> <td style="width: 50%; height: 71.4219px;" valign="top" width="308"> <p><strong><em>&nbsp; Ng</em><em>uy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m của h&agrave;m hợp</em></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 226.547px;"> <td style="width: 50%; height: 226.547px;" valign="top" width="308"> <p><em>&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mn>0</mn><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><msup><mi>x</mi><mi>&alpha;</mi></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo></math></em></p> <p><em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>&ne;</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfenced></math><span id="MathJax-Element-32-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x222B;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-239" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-240" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-241" class="mjx-mo"></span></span></span></span></em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi></mi></math></p> <p><em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>x</mi></mfrac><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ln</mi><mfenced open="|" close="|"><mi>x</mi></mfenced><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi></msup><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><msup><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></msup><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>&nbsp;</mo></math></em></p> <p><em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>&ne;</mo><mn>1 </mn></mrow></mfenced></math></em><em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><mi>cos</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></math></em></p> <p><em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mi>sin</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><mi>sin</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mi>cos</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mfenced><mrow><msup><mi>cos</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfenced></mfrac><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>tan</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi></math></em></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mfenced><mrow><msup><mi>sin</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfenced></mfrac><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+C</mo></math></p> </td> <td style="width: 50%; height: 226.547px;" valign="top" width="308"> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><msup><mi>u</mi><mi>&alpha;</mi></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mi>u</mi><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>.</mo><mfenced><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>u</mi></mfrac><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mfenced open="|" close="|"><mi>u</mi></mfenced></mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>'</mo></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mi>u</mi></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mi>e</mi><mi>u</mi></msup><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>'</mo></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><msup><mi>a</mi><mi>u</mi></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mi>a</mi><mi>u</mi></msup><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>.</mo><mi>ln</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><mi>cos</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>'</mo></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><mi>sin</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>cos</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>'</mo></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mfenced><mrow><msup><mi>cos</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>u</mi></mrow></mfenced></mfrac><mi>d</mi><mi>u</mi></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>tan</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>'</mo></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"></mspace><mo>&int;</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mfenced><mrow><msup><mi>sin</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>u</mi></mrow></mfenced></mfrac><mi>d</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>'</mo></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi></math></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>2. Phương ph&aacute;p t&igrave;m nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m</strong></p> <p><strong>a) Phương ph&aacute;p đổi biến số</strong></p> <p><strong>Định l&yacute; 1:</strong> Nếu&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>F</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi></math> v&agrave;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>u</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math> l&agrave; h&agrave;m số c&oacute; đạo h&agrave;m li&ecirc;n tục th&igrave;&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Hệ quả:</strong>&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>a</mi></mfrac><mi>F</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mfenced><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>&ne;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced></math></p> <p><strong>b. Phương ph&aacute;p t&iacute;nh nguy&ecirc;n h&agrave;m từng phầ</strong></p> <p><strong>Định l&yacute; 2:</strong> Nếu hai h&agrave;m số&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>u</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>u</mi><mfenced><mi>x</mi></mfenced></math> v&agrave;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></math> c&oacute; đạo h&agrave;m li&ecirc;n tục tr&ecirc;n K th&igrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>-</mo><mo>&int;</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>'</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mi>v</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>.</mo></math>.</p> <p><strong>Ch&uacute; &yacute;:</strong> Viết gọn&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&int;</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>v</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>v</mi><mo>-</mo><mo>&int;</mo><mi>v</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>u</mi></math>.</p>
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