Bài 22: Luyện tập: Tính chất của kim loại
Hướng dẫn giải Bài 8 (Trang 101 SGK Hóa học 12)
<p>Cho 16,2 gam kim loại M c&oacute; h&oacute;a trị n t&aacute;c dụng với 0,15 mol O<sub>2</sub>. Chăt rắn thu được sau phản ứng đem h&ograve;a tan v&agrave;o dung dịch HCl dư thấy tho&aacute;t ra 13,44 l&iacute;t H<sub>2</sub> ở đktc. Kim loại M l&agrave;</p> <p>A. Fe.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;B. Al.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C. Ca.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;D. Mg.</p> <p><strong>Giải</strong></p> <p>Chọn B. Chăt rắn thu được sau phản ứng t&aacute;c dụng với dung dịch HCl dư giải ph&oacute;ng H<sub>2</sub>, chứng tỏ kim loại M dư. Đặt số mol M t&aacute;c dụng với O<sub>2</sub> l&agrave; x mol; số mol M dư l&agrave; y mol</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>4</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><msub><mi>nO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#8594;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></msub></math></p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;x&nbsp; &nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8594;</mo></math>&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>nx</mi><mn>4</mn></mfrac></math> &nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#8594;</mo></math>&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>nx</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math></p> <p>Chất rắn thu được sau phản ứng gồm M<sub>2</sub>O<sub>n</sub> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>nx</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>&#160;</mo></math>mol): M<sub>dư</sub></p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></msub><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>nHCl</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#8594;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>MCl</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></msub><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><msub><mi>nH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mi>d&#432;</mi></msub><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>2</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mi>HCl</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#8594;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>MCl</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi></msub><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><msub><mi>nH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>&#8593;</mo><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#8594;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mfrac><mi>ny</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math></p> <p>Ta c&oacute;:&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="{" close=""><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mfrac><mi>nx</mi><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>15</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mfrac><mi>ny</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>13</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>44</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>22</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></mfrac></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mfenced open="{" close=""><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mi>nx</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>6</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>ny</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#8658;</mo><mfenced open="{" close=""><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>&#160;</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mtd></mtr></mtable></mfenced></math></p> <p>Lấy (2) chia (1) ta được M = 9n (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>&#8804;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>&#8804;</mo><mn>3</mn></math>)</p> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 20.8049%; height: 127px;" border="1"> <tbody> <tr style="height: 16.3906px;"> <td style="width: 28.2051%; height: 16.3906px;">n</td> <td style="width: 23.8122%; height: 16.3906px;">1</td> <td style="width: 21.2427%; height: 16.3906px;">2</td> <td style="width: 26.7399%; height: 16.3906px;">3</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.3906px;"> <td style="width: 28.2051%; height: 22.3906px;">M</td> <td style="width: 23.8122%; height: 22.3906px;">9</td> <td style="width: 21.2427%; height: 22.3906px;">18</td> <td style="width: 26.7399%; height: 22.3906px;">27</td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.3906px;"> <td style="width: 28.2051%; height: 22.3906px;">Kết luận</td> <td style="width: 23.8122%; height: 22.3906px;">Loại</td> <td style="width: 21.2427%; height: 22.3906px;">Loại</td> <td style="width: 26.7399%; height: 22.3906px;">Al</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Vậy kim loại M l&agrave; Al (nh&ocirc;m)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
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