Bài 1: Động lượng và định luật bảo toàn động lượng
Hướng dẫn giải Câu hỏi 4 (Trang 97 SGK Vật lý 10, Bộ Cánh diều)
<p>Hai quả cầu A v&agrave; B, mỗi quả c&oacute; khối lượng 1 kg, va chạm nhau như trong h&igrave;nh 1.5. H&atilde;y t&iacute;nh tổng động lượng</p> <p>của hai quả cầu trước va chạm v&agrave; tổng động lượng của ch&uacute;ng sau va chạm. So s&aacute;nh kết quả v&agrave; n&ecirc;u kết luận.</p> <p><img class="wscnph" style="max-width: 100%;" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/05082022/8532eb76-5ed7-42ec-8908-bc83372512a0.JPG" /></p> <p><strong>Lời giải:</strong></p> <p>Chọn chiều dương l&agrave; chiều chuyển động của quả cầu A trước va chạm:</p> <p>Tổng động lượng của hệ trước va chạm:</p> <p><span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-1" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-2" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-3" class="mjx-mo"></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><munder><mo>&sum;</mo><mrow></mrow></munder><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>A</mi></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover accent="true"><mo></mo></mover></math></span></p> <p>Chiếu xuống chiều dương đ&atilde; chọn:</p> <p><span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;v&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;v&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1.2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1.3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-26" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-27" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-28" class="mjx-mo"></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&sum;</mo><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>A</mi></msub><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>A</mi></msub><mo>&minus;</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>&minus;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>=</mo><mo>&minus;</mo><mn>1</mn><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi></mi></math></span></p> <p>Tổng động lượng của hệ sau va chạm:</p> <p><span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;'&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover accent=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;'&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2192;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-65" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-66" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-67" class="mjx-mo"></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&sum;</mo><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mover><mrow><mi>p</mi><msub><mo>'</mo><mi>A</mi></msub></mrow><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><mover><mrow><mi>p</mi><msub><mo>'</mo><mi>B</mi></msub></mrow><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mover accent="true"><mo></mo></mover></math></span></p> <p>Chiếu xuống chiều dương đ&atilde; chọn:</p> <p><span id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;v&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;'&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;v&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;'&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1.2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1.1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-90" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-91" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-92" class="mjx-mo"></span></span></span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&sum;</mo><mover><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&rarr;</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mo>&minus;</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>A</mi></msub><mi>v</mi><msub><mo>'</mo><mi>A</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mi>v</mi><msub><mo>'</mo><mi>B</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>&minus;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mo>&minus;</mo><mn>1</mn><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi></mi></math></span></p> <p>Nhận thấy tổng động lượng của hệ trước v&agrave; sau va chạm bằng nhau.</p> <p>Kết luận: Nếu kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ngoại lực n&agrave;o t&aacute;c dụng l&ecirc;n hệ th&igrave; tổng động lượng của hệ kh&ocirc;ng đổi, tức l&agrave;</p> <p>được bảo to&agrave;n.</p> <div class="ads_ads ads_2">&nbsp;</div>
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