Bài 5: Phương Trình Chứa Dấu Giá Trị Tuyệt Đối
Hướng dẫn giải Bài 36 (Trang 51 SGK Toán Đại số 8, Tập 2)
<p>Giải c&aacute;c phương tr&igrave;nh:</p> <p>a)&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>|</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>|</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>6</mn></math><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>b)&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>|</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>|</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>8</mn></math></p> <p>c)&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>|</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>|</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>12</mn></math><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>d)&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>|</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>|</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi></math></p> <p><em><strong>Hướng dẫn:</strong></em></p> <p>a) - Với điều kiện&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>&#8805;</mo><mn>0</mn></math>, phương tr&igrave;nh đ&atilde; cho trở th&agrave;nh:</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>6</mn></math> (loại v&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng thoả m&atilde;n điều kiện)</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>- Với x&lt;0, ta c&oacute;:&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>-</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mo>&#8660;</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></math> (loại)</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Vậy phương tr&igrave;nh đ&atilde; cho c&oacute; tập nghiệm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>&#8709;</mo></math> (v&ocirc; nghiệm)&nbsp;</p> <p>b) - Với điều kiện&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>&#8805;</mo><mn>0</mn></math> ta c&oacute;:&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn></math> (loại)</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp; - Với điều kiện x&lt;0 ta c&oacute;:&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></math> (loại)</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Tập nghiệm&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>&#8709;</mo></math> (phương tr&igrave;nh đ&atilde; cho v&ocirc; nghiệm)</p> <p>c) - Với điều kiện&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>&#8805;</mo><mn>0</mn></math> ta c&oacute;:</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>4</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn></math> (nhận, v&igrave; thoả m&atilde;n điều kiện)</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> - Với điều kiện x&lt;0 ta c&oacute;:</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>2</mn></math> (nhận)</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Vậy tập nghiệm của phương tr&igrave;nh ban đầu l&agrave;: S={-2;6}</p> <p>d) Với&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi><mo>&#8805;</mo><mn>0</mn></math> ta c&oacute;:&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>5</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>8</mn></math> (loại)</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Với x&lt;0 ta c&oacute;:&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>&#8660;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></math> (loại)</p> <p><span class="mce-nbsp-wrap" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Vậy phương tr&igrave;nh đ&atilde; cho v&ocirc; nghiệm.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
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