Bài 5. Trường hợp đồng dạng thứ nhất
Hướng dẫn giải Bài 31 (Trang 75 SGK Toán Hình học 8, Tập 2)
<p>Đề b&agrave;i<br />Cho hai tam gi&aacute;c đồng dạng c&oacute; tỉ số chu vi l&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac><mn>15</mn><mn>17</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> v&agrave; hiệu độ d&agrave;i hai cạnh tương ứng của ch&uacute;ng l&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mn>12</mn><mo>,</mo><mpadded><mn>5</mn></mpadded><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>cm</mi></mstyle></math>. T&iacute;nh hai cạnh đ&oacute;.</p> <p>Lời giải chi tiết</p> <p>Giả sử <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mstyle></math> đồng dạng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mstyle></math> v&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>,</mo><mpadded><mn>5</mn></mpadded><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>cm</mi></mstyle></math> .(1)<br />Vi <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mstyle></math> đồng dạng <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi mathvariant="normal">&#916;</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mstyle></math> (giả thiết) n&ecirc;n ta c&oacute;: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></math><br />&Aacute;p dụng t&iacute;nh chất của d&atilde;y tỉ số bằng nhau: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow></msub><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>15</mn><mn>17</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math><br />(với <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></mstyle></math> v&agrave; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow></msub></mstyle></math> lần lượt l&agrave; chu vi của hai tam gi&aacute;c <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi><mi>C</mi><mo>,</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><msup><mi>C</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>)</mo></mstyle></math><br />Do đ&oacute;, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>15</mn><mn>17</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mo>&#8658;</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>17</mn><mn>15</mn></mfrac><mo>&#8658;</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>17</mn><mn>15</mn></mfrac><mo>&#8901;</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup></mstyle></math> (2)</p> <p>Từ (1) v&agrave; (2), ta c&oacute;: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac><mn>17</mn><mn>15</mn></mfrac><mo>&#8901;</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>2</mn><mn>15</mn></mfrac><mo>&#8901;</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>,</mo><mpadded><mn>5</mn></mpadded><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>cm</mi></mstyle></math></p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mo>&#8658;</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>:</mo><mfrac><mn>2</mn><mn>15</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>&#8901;</mo><mfrac><mn>15</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>93</mn><mo>,</mo><mpadded><mn>75</mn></mpadded><mi>cm</mi></mstyle></math><br />Lại c&oacute;: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>B</mi><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>A</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>&#8290;</mo><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>'</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>,</mo><mpadded><mn>5</mn></mpadded><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>cm</mi></math>&nbsp;</p> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>&#8658;</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>12</mn></mrow><mo>,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>93</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>75</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>106</mn><mo>,</mo><mpadded><mn>25</mn></mpadded><mo>&#8290;</mo><mi>cm</mi><mo>.</mo></math></p>
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