Bài 12: Liên kết cộng hóa trị
Hướng dẫn giải Em có thể (Trang 63 SGK Hóa 10, Bộ Kết nối tri thức với cuộc sống)
<p>Phân biệt được liên kết ion, liên kết cộng hóa trị phân cực và liên kết cộng hóa trị không phân cực theo độ âm điện.</p>
<p><strong>Lời giải:</strong></p>
<p>Dựa vào hiệu độ âm điện của các nguyên tử, dự đoán loại liên kết:</p>
<p>- <span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 22.5px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>0</mn><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mo>&#x2206;</mo><mi>x</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn></math>"><span id="MJXc-Node-1" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-2" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-3" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">0</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-4" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">≤</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-5" class="mjx-mfenced"><span id="MJXc-Node-6" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">|</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-7" class="mjx-msub"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-8" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">Δ</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-9" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">x</span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-10" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">|</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-11" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"><</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-12" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">0</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-13" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-14" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">4</span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mo>∆</mo><mi>x</mi></msub></mfenced><mo><</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn></math></span></span>: liên kết cộng hóa trị không phân cực</p>
<p>- <span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 22.5px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>&#x2264;</mo><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mo>&#x2206;</mo><mi>x</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn></math>"><span id="MJXc-Node-15" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-16" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-17" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">0</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-18" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-19" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">4</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-20" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">≤</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-21" class="mjx-mfenced"><span id="MJXc-Node-22" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">|</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-23" class="mjx-msub"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-24" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">Δ</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-25" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">x</span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-26" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">|</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-27" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R"><</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-28" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">1</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-29" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-30" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">7</span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>≤</mo><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mo>∆</mo><mi>x</mi></msub></mfenced><mo><</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn></math></span></span>: liên kết cộng hóa trị phân cực.</p>
<p>- <span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 22.5px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mo>&#x2206;</mo><mi>x</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>&#x2265;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn></math>"><span id="MJXc-Node-31" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-32" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-33" class="mjx-mfenced"><span id="MJXc-Node-34" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">|</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-35" class="mjx-msub"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-36" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">Δ</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-37" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">x</span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-38" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">|</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-39" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">≥</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-40" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">1</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-41" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-42" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">7</span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="|" close="|"><msub><mo>∆</mo><mi>x</mi></msub></mfenced><mo>≥</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn></math></span></span>: liên kết ion</p>
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