Bài 5. Cấu tạo của bảng tuần hoàn các nguyên tố hóa học
Hướng dẫn giải Câu hỏi 5 (Trang 33 SGK Hóa 10, Bộ Kết nối tri thức với cuộc sống)
<p>Dựa v&agrave;o bảng tuần ho&agrave;n, h&atilde;y cho biết:&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;M&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mprescripts /&gt;&lt;mn&gt;12&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;none /&gt;&lt;/mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#xA0;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mprescripts /&gt;&lt;mn&gt;15&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;none /&gt;&lt;/mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#xA0;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mprescripts /&gt;&lt;mn&gt;26&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;none /&gt;&lt;/mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#xA0;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mprescripts /&gt;&lt;mn&gt;18&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;none /&gt;&lt;/mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-1" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-2" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-3" class="mjx-mmultiscripts"><span class="mjx-presub"><span id="MJXc-Node-5" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">12</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-4" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">M</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-6" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">g</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-7" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-8" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">&nbsp;</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-9" class="mjx-mmultiscripts"><span class="mjx-presub"><span id="MJXc-Node-11" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">15</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-10" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">P</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-12" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-13" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">&nbsp;</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-14" class="mjx-mmultiscripts"><span class="mjx-presub"><span id="MJXc-Node-16" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">26</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-15" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">F</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-17" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">e</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-18" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-19" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">&nbsp;</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-20" class="mjx-mmultiscripts"><span class="mjx-presub"><span id="MJXc-Node-22" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">18</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-21" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">A</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-23" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">r</span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi>M</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>12</mn></mmultiscripts><mi>g</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>P</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>15</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>F</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>26</mn></mmultiscripts><mi>e</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>&nbsp;</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>A</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>18</mn></mmultiscripts><mi>r</mi></math></span></span>&nbsp;thuộc loại nguy&ecirc;n tố n&agrave;o sau đ&acirc;y.</p> <p>a) s, p, d hay f?&nbsp;</p> <p>b) phi kim, kim loại hay kh&iacute; hiếm?</p> <p><strong>Lời giải:</strong></p> <p>a) Dựa v&agrave;o bảng tuần, c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n tố&nbsp;<span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 21.78px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;M&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mprescripts /&gt;&lt;mn&gt;12&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;none /&gt;&lt;/mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mprescripts /&gt;&lt;mn&gt;15&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;none /&gt;&lt;/mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mprescripts /&gt;&lt;mn&gt;26&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;none /&gt;&lt;/mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;#x2009;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Ar&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mprescripts /&gt;&lt;mn&gt;18&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;none /&gt;&lt;/mmultiscripts&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"><span id="MJXc-Node-24" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-25" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-26" class="mjx-mmultiscripts"><span class="mjx-presub"><span id="MJXc-Node-28" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">12</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-27" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">M</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-29" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">g</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-30" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-31" class="mjx-mtext MJXc-space1"></span><span id="MJXc-Node-32" class="mjx-mmultiscripts"><span class="mjx-presub"><span id="MJXc-Node-34" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">15</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-33" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">P</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-35" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-36" class="mjx-mtext MJXc-space1"></span><span id="MJXc-Node-37" class="mjx-mmultiscripts"><span class="mjx-presub"><span id="MJXc-Node-39" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">26</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-38" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">F</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-40" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">e</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-41" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-42" class="mjx-mtext MJXc-space1"></span><span id="MJXc-Node-43" class="mjx-mmultiscripts"><span class="mjx-presub"><span id="MJXc-Node-45" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">18</span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-44" class="mjx-mtext"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">Ar</span></span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi>M</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>12</mn></mmultiscripts><mi>g</mi><mo>,</mo><mtext>&thinsp;</mtext><mmultiscripts><mi>P</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>15</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>,</mo><mtext>&thinsp;</mtext><mmultiscripts><mi>F</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>26</mn></mmultiscripts><mi>e</mi><mo>,</mo><mtext>&thinsp;</mtext><mmultiscripts><mtext>Ar</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>18</mn></mmultiscripts></math></span></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;lần lượt thuộc loại nguy&ecirc;n tố s, p, d, p.</p> <p>Giải th&iacute;ch:</p> <p>Mg thuộc nh&oacute;m IIA n&ecirc;n l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n tố s.</p> <p>P thuộc nh&oacute;m VA, Ar thuộc nh&oacute;m VIIIA n&ecirc;n l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n tố p.</p> <p>Fe thuộc nh&oacute;m VIIIB n&ecirc;n l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n tố d.</p> <p>b) Dựa v&agrave;o bảng tuần ho&agrave;n, x&aacute;c định: nguy&ecirc;n tố Mg, Fe l&agrave; kim loại; nguy&ecirc;n tố P l&agrave; phi kim; nguy&ecirc;n tố Ar l&agrave; kh&iacute; hiếm.</p>
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