Bài 1: Thành phần của nguyên tử
Hướng dẫn giải Câu hỏi 4 (Trang 15 SGK Hóa 10, Bộ Kết nối tri thức với cuộc sống)
<p>Một loại nguyên tử nitrogen có 7 proton và 7 neutron trong hạt nhân. Dựa vào Bảng 1.1, hãy tính và so sánh:</p>
<p>a) Khối lượng hạt nhân với khối lượng nguyên tử.</p>
<p>b) Khối lượng hạt nhân với khối lượng vỏ nguyên tử.</p>
<p><strong>Lời giải:</strong></p>
<p>a) Khối lượng của hạt nhân là</p>
<p><span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 22.5px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>p</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>7.1</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>672.10</mn><mrow><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>7.1</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>675.10</mn><mrow><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>3429.10</mn><mrow><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>26</mn></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>)</mo></math>"><span id="MJXc-Node-1" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-2" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-3" class="mjx-msub"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-4" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-5" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-6" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">h</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-7" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">n</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-8" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">=</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-9" class="mjx-msub MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-10" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-11" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">p</span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-12" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">+</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-13" class="mjx-msub MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-14" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-15" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">n</span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-16" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">=</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-17" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">7.1</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-18" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-19" class="mjx-msup MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-20" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">672.10</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sup"><span id="MJXc-Node-21" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-22" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">−</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-23" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">27</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-24" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">+</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-25" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">7.1</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-26" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-27" class="mjx-msup MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-28" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">675.10</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sup"><span id="MJXc-Node-29" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-30" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">−</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-31" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">27</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-32" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">=</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-33" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">2</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-34" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-35" class="mjx-msup MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-36" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">3429.10</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sup"><span id="MJXc-Node-37" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-38" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">−</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-39" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">26</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-40" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R">(</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-41" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">k</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-42" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">g</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-43" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R">)</span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>p</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>7.1</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>672.10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>7.1</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>675.10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>3429.10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>26</mn></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span></span></p>
<p>Nguyên tử trung hòa về điện nên số proton bằng số electron nên số electron là 7.</p>
<p>Khối lượng nguyên tử là:</p>
<p><span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 22.5px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>3429.10</mn><mrow><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>26</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>7.9</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>109.10</mn><mrow><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>31</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>3435.10</mn><mrow><mo>&#x2212;</mo><mn>26</mn></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>)</mo></math>"><span id="MJXc-Node-44" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-45" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-46" class="mjx-msub"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-47" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-48" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-49" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">n</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-50" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">t</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-51" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">=</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-52" class="mjx-msub MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-53" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-54" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-55" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">h</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-56" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">n</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-57" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">+</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-58" class="mjx-msub MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-59" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-60" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">e</span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-61" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">=</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-62" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">2</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-63" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-64" class="mjx-msup MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-65" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">3429.10</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sup"><span id="MJXc-Node-66" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-67" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">−</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-68" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">26</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-69" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">+</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-70" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space2"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">7.9</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-71" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-72" class="mjx-msup MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-73" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">109.10</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sup"><span id="MJXc-Node-74" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-75" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">−</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-76" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">31</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-77" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">=</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-78" class="mjx-mn MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">2</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-79" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">,</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-80" class="mjx-msup MJXc-space1"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-81" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">3435.10</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sup"><span id="MJXc-Node-82" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-83" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">−</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-84" class="mjx-mn"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">26</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-85" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size1-R">(</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-86" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">k</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-87" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">g</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-88" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size1-R">)</span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>3429.10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>26</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>7.9</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>109.10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>31</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><msup><mn>3435.10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>26</mn></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span></span></p>
<p><span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 22.5px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#x21D2;</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&#x2248;</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></math>"><span id="MJXc-Node-89" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-90" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-91" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">⇒</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-92" class="mjx-msub MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-93" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-94" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-95" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">h</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-96" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">n</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-97" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">≈</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-98" class="mjx-msub MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-99" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-100" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-101" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">n</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-102" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⇒</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></math></span></span></p>
<p>b) Khối lượng của vỏ nguyên tử là</p>
<p>m<sub>e</sub> = 7.9,109.10<sup>-31</sup> = 6,3763.10<sup>-30</sup> (kg)</p>
<p><span id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" class="mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 22.5px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;" tabindex="0" role="presentation" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&#x21D2;</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&#x226B;</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></math>"><span id="MJXc-Node-103" class="mjx-math" aria-hidden="true"><span id="MJXc-Node-104" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-105" class="mjx-mo"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">⇒</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-106" class="mjx-msub MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-107" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-108" class="mjx-mrow"><span id="MJXc-Node-109" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">h</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-110" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">n</span></span></span></span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-111" class="mjx-mo MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R">≫</span></span><span id="MJXc-Node-112" class="mjx-msub MJXc-space3"><span class="mjx-base"><span id="MJXc-Node-113" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">m</span></span></span><span class="mjx-sub"><span id="MJXc-Node-114" class="mjx-mi"><span class="mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I">e</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⇒</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≫</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></math></span></span> (khối lượng hạt nhân lớn hơn rất nhiều so với khối lượng vỏ nguyên tử).</p>
Xem lời giải bài tập khác cùng bài
Lý thuyết Thành phần của nguyên tử
Xem lời giải
Hướng dẫn giải Câu hỏi 1 (Trang 14 SGK Hóa 10, Bộ Kết nối tri thức với cuộc sống)
Xem lời giải
Hướng dẫn giải Câu hỏi 2 (Trang 14 SGK Hóa 10, Bộ Kết nối tri thức với cuộc sống)
Xem lời giải
Hướng dẫn giải Câu hỏi 3 (Trang 15 SGK Hóa 10, Bộ Kết nối tri thức với cuộc sống)
Xem lời giải
Hướng dẫn giải Câu hỏi 5 (Trang 16 SGK Hóa 10, Bộ Kết nối tri thức với cuộc sống)
Xem lời giải
Hướng dẫn giải Em có thể (Trang 16 SGK Hóa 10, Bộ Kết nối tri thức với cuộc sống)
Xem lời giải