<p>Một học sinh cận thị có các điểm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></math> cách mắt lần lượt 10 cm và 90 cm. Học sinh này dùng kính lúp có độ tụ <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><mn>10</mn><mi>d</mi><mi>p</mi></math> để quan sát một vật nhỏ. Mắt đặt sát kính.</p>
<p>a) Vật phải đặt trong khoảng nào trước kính ?</p>
<p>b) Một học sinh khác, có mắt không bị tật, ngắm chùm kính lúp nói trên ở vô cực. Cho <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>O</mi><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>25</mn><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi></math>. Tính số bội giác.</p>
<p><strong>Giải:</strong></p>
<p><strong>a) </strong>Tiêu cự của kính là: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>D</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mi>m</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi></math></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">Sơ đồ tạo ảnh qua kính lúp khi ngắm chứng ở cực cận <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="wscnph" src="https://static.colearn.vn:8413/v1.0/upload/library/21022022/6aac3f68-cbf2-466f-a4ed-6a07f0f3b316.PNG" /></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Mắt đặt sát kính nên khoảng cách từ mắt đến kính l =0</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⇒</mo><mi>d</mi><msub><mo>'</mo><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mi>O</mi><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>10</mn><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi><mspace linebreak="newline"/><mi>d</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mo>'</mo><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>.</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mo>'</mo><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>-</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn><mfenced><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></mfenced></math></p>
<ul>
<li>Sơ đồ tạo ảnh qua kính lúp khi ngắm chừng ở cực viễn <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></math></li>
</ul>
<p><img class="wscnph" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="273" height="72" /></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>v</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mo>'</mo><mi>v</mi></msub><mo>.</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><msub><mo>'</mo><mi>v</mi></msub><mo>-</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>90</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>90</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>9</mn><mfenced><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></mfenced></math></p>
<p>Vậy vật phải đặt trong khoảng: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>5</mn><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi><mo>≤</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>9</mn><mi>c</mi><mi>m</mi></math>.</p>
<p><strong>b) </strong>Số bội giác khi ngắm chừng ở vô cực: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>G</mi><mo>∞</mo></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>Đ</mi><mi>f</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>25</mn><mn>10</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>5</mn></math></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>